Constitución en mora
El artículo 1146 del Código Civil introduce una excepción al principio según el cual el derecho a la reparación se origina desde el instante de la realización del daño. Este artículo dispone que “los daños y perjuicios no son debidos más que cuando el deudor está en mora de cumplir con su obligación”
Según los términos del artículo 1139 del Código Civil, la constitución en mora se efectúa por un acto de alguacil: “un requerimiento u otro acto equivalente”. Ese requerimiento puede ser por ejemplo, una citación. Pero, en materia mercantil, es suficiente con una carta certificada.
Por sí sola, la simple llegada del vencimiento no es suficiente para que haya mora o atraso por parte del deudor, por lo tanto, para que éste se encuentre en mora es necesario un acto, un requerimiento. Un deudor se pone o constituye en mora de varias formas:
a) Por una cláusula del contrato en la cual se diga que el deudor queda constituido en mora con la llega del plazo convenido.
b) Por una intimación hecha mediante un acto de alguacil en la cual se le requiera al deudor cumplir con la obligación o deuda.
c) Con un acto de citación o demanda en justicia.
d) Por un mandamiento de pago tendiente a embargo.
d) Por un embargo.
La constitución en mora establece oficialmente la demora en el cumplimiento de la obligación. El deudor de una suma de dinero sólo debe los intereses moratorios o intereses legales (daños y perjuicios) a partir de la puesta en mora, la cual se realiza con la acción en cobro de la suma adeuda (Art. 1153 del Código Civil).
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